HISTORY. Traces of human settlements in areas originate M. from the late Paleolithic, Chinese sources mention nomadic herdsmen Hu at the end of the second and first millennium BC, in the third century BC, they formed a strong relationship tribal Hiung-nu, some of these people mixed with other tribes as the Huns in the fourth century AD, came to Europe, others were conquered by the tribal association Zuan Żuanów; in the mid-sixth century the people overthrew the rule of the Turkish Tu-kiu, whose ruler bore the title of Khan, in the first half. Eighth century, the hegemony achieved by creating a Turkish Kaganat Uighurs (745-840), and then Kirghiz (840-920) began to dominate the peoples of the Mongolian Kitanowie (920-1125), followed by a period of fragmentation; 1206 Genghis Khan united the tribes Mongolian, laying the foundation for the empire, was still alive divided between four sons: Dżucziego, Czagataja, Ögödeja and Tułuja, despite the disputes between them and their descendants of the empire grew a; 1231 took Korea, 1236-1241 Batu Khan (son Dżuczego) invaded Europe (including Poland and Hungary); Möngke chan (1251-1959) mastered Tibet and Vietnam, and his brother Hulagu - Persia, Kublai Khan (1260 -94) finished started by Genghis Khan's conquest of China and the empire was transformed into a federation of states Golden Horde, with a majority of Turks, who conquered the Russian principalities, Crimea, part of the Caucasus and Siberia, in the first half. The fourteenth century began the disintegration of the empire, which did not stop by later rulers wybitniejsi Dayan-chan (1481-1543), nor Altan Khan (1543-1983) at the end of the sixteenth century, became widespread in Tibetan Buddhism, M. (Lamaism), 1634 Manchus conquered the southern part (now it began to be called M. The internal) sovereignty of the Manchu dynasty in 1644, which was seized China, have also adopted the princes called the far north Chałchą M.; Manchu who put this into his empire, giving it the name of M. External, 1911 M. outer proclamation of independence, with the head of the church lamaickiego (Bogdo-gegen) at the head, repeatedly violated the autonomy of the parties fighting in the Russian Revolution, China and Japan, after the death of 1924 Bogdo-gegen formed Mongolian People's Republic, a system modeled on the Soviet, 1939 M. tried to take territory in Japan, stopped by the Red Army, and 1989, the Soviet satellite states, the first pluralist elections from 1990 to 1992, renamed the Republic of M., 1992 enactment new constitution, the restoration of religious freedom, the withdrawal of Russian troops, President 1990-1997 Punsałmaagijn Oczirbat, in domestic policy. crisis due to the withdrawal of Russian subsidies, rapid dismantling Gosp. planned, hasty privatization (75% of the economy is already in private hands) and the 1998 drought, which led to a decline in livestock populations from 25 million to 2.5 million units, hoping to improve the difficult situation Gosp. (40% of the population live in poverty, for about $ 10. Per month, unemployment cover at the third Mongol) rich deposits of oil, however, require investment intl; 1996 victory in the elections, the opposition coalition Democratic Union, 1997 presidential election - a representative of the post-communists Nacagijna Bagabandi of the Mongolian Revolutionary Party Lud. who won it (2000) parliamentary elections; 2001 re-election of President Bagabandi.
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