Shrek Fiona Wedding Cake

Jan Czerski

was born in 1842 geologist, paleontologist, geographer; participant in the January uprising, sent to Siberia, he became one of the most prominent researchers, the study gave rise to Lake Baikal in the direction of evolutionary geomorphology; 1871-1883 undertook several expeditions to East Siberia, from 1886 to 1991 he worked in St. Petersburg Akad. Sciences, 1891 on its behalf and went to the northeast. Siberia with a scientific expedition, during which he died, he worked on the map geol. NE. Asia and its history of geol., His name was given to the highest mountains in the north-east. Siberia and one of the major mountain ranges Zabajkalu. He died in 1892.

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Mongolia - History

HISTORY. Traces of human settlements in areas originate M. from the late Paleolithic, Chinese sources mention nomadic herdsmen Hu at the end of the second and first millennium BC, in the third century BC, they formed a strong relationship tribal Hiung-nu, some of these people mixed with other tribes as the Huns in the fourth century AD, came to Europe, others were conquered by the tribal association Zuan Żuanów; in the mid-sixth century the people overthrew the rule of the Turkish Tu-kiu, whose ruler bore the title of Khan, in the first half. Eighth century, the hegemony achieved by creating a Turkish Kaganat Uighurs (745-840), and then Kirghiz (840-920) began to dominate the peoples of the Mongolian Kitanowie (920-1125), followed by a period of fragmentation; 1206 Genghis Khan united the tribes Mongolian, laying the foundation for the empire, was still alive divided between four sons: Dżucziego, Czagataja, Ögödeja and Tułuja, despite the disputes between them and their descendants of the empire grew a; 1231 took Korea, 1236-1241 Batu Khan (son Dżuczego) invaded Europe (including Poland and Hungary); Möngke chan (1251-1959) mastered Tibet and Vietnam, and his brother Hulagu - Persia, Kublai Khan (1260 -94) finished started by Genghis Khan's conquest of China and the empire was transformed into a federation of states Golden Horde, with a majority of Turks, who conquered the Russian principalities, Crimea, part of the Caucasus and Siberia, in the first half. The fourteenth century began the disintegration of the empire, which did not stop by later rulers wybitniejsi Dayan-chan (1481-1543), nor Altan Khan (1543-1983) at the end of the sixteenth century, became widespread in Tibetan Buddhism, M. (Lamaism), 1634 Manchus conquered the southern part (now it began to be called M. The internal) sovereignty of the Manchu dynasty in 1644, which was seized China, have also adopted the princes called the far north Chałchą M.; Manchu who put this into his empire, giving it the name of M. External, 1911 M. outer proclamation of independence, with the head of the church lamaickiego (Bogdo-gegen) at the head, repeatedly violated the autonomy of the parties fighting in the Russian Revolution, China and Japan, after the death of 1924 Bogdo-gegen formed Mongolian People's Republic, a system modeled on the Soviet, 1939 M. tried to take territory in Japan, stopped by the Red Army, and 1989, the Soviet satellite states, the first pluralist elections from 1990 to 1992, renamed the Republic of M., 1992 enactment new constitution, the restoration of religious freedom, the withdrawal of Russian troops, President 1990-1997 Punsałmaagijn Oczirbat, in domestic policy. crisis due to the withdrawal of Russian subsidies, rapid dismantling Gosp. planned, hasty privatization (75% of the economy is already in private hands) and the 1998 drought, which led to a decline in livestock populations from 25 million to 2.5 million units, hoping to improve the difficult situation Gosp. (40% of the population live in poverty, for about $ 10. Per month, unemployment cover at the third Mongol) rich deposits of oil, however, require investment intl; 1996 victory in the elections, the opposition coalition Democratic Union, 1997 presidential election - a representative of the post-communists Nacagijna Bagabandi of the Mongolian Revolutionary Party Lud. who won it (2000) parliamentary elections; 2001 re-election of President Bagabandi.

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MONGOLIA - geography and economy

This landlocked country in Asia, the Middle Kingdom., Bordered to the north of Russia, from the south of China, pow. 1 565 000 km2, 2.6 million inhabitants. (2004), the capital of Ulan Bator (819 thousand. Inhab.) Depth. City: Darkhan, Erdenet, Baganuur; U official: Mongolian, moreover, to use the Kazakh and Russian; monetary unit: 1 tugryk mongów = 100, GDP per capita 1. 1900 dollars. (2002).
POPULATION: ethnic composition: 88.5% of the Mongols, including Chałchasów 78.8%, 6.9% of Turkic peoples, depth. Kazakhs, 1.7% Buryat, 1.4% Daringanga peoples, moreover, the Russians and Chinese, the city is inhabited by 52% of the population density of 1.6 people per km2 (one of the smallest in the world), the average length of life: men 61 years , women 64 years; religion: Lamaism, shamanism, Islam (no details).
STRUCTURE. Republic since 1992, a unicameral parliament (the Great Churał People) - 76 members., Elected for four years in the majority system, the head of state appointed by direct election every four years, the prime minister and the parliament appoints the government, since 1990, a multiparty system of government and the country is divided into 21 provinces (ajmaków) and the district capital.
NATURAL CONDITIONS. Developing the area. wyżynnogórskie (average height 1,580 m), occupies most of the area Wyż. Mongolian, from the north and west. passing in the Mongolian Altai mountain ranges (najw. peak - Najramdał 4356 m), Altai Gobijskiego, Changaju and Chenteju, in south-east. Part Wyż. Mongolian - Gobi Desert, the Mongolian Altai ranges and G. Chang is the Great Lakes Basin desert, dry climate, continental, to the north and west. moderately cold, to the south and east. moderate, warm, very dry, in winter to the north as a result of baby boom barometric over M. normally sunny, calm weather with frosts below -50 º C (average January temperature of -35 º C) in spring give way to boom due to strong winds and dust storms, annual rainfall is 50 mm above the Gobi desert to 500 mm in G. Chang; depth. River: Kerulen, relief (tributaries of the Amur), Selenga, Orchon, Tola (belonging to the catchment M. Arctic), Dzawchan, Tes, a drain Kobdo Ext., numerous lakes, mostly salt, a dozen of the area. over 100 km2 (najw. UWS, Chubsuguł, Char, Chirgis, Buir), steppe or desert vegetation, the mountain taiga forests of larch or a limbowej; rich world Animal: lynx, bears, deer, gazelles on the plains and marmots, moreover, ibises, dwugarbne camels, wild asses, asian.
ECONOMY. The basis of sheep and goats, cattle, horses, camels and mining (extraction of copper ore, molybdenum, iron, tungsten, manganese, zinc, lead, asbestos); small ind. textile, leather, food, building materials, poorly developed rail network (primarily the role of the railway line runs from Moscow to Beijing for Ulan Bator), road network a bit better, still plays an important role transport carrying saddlebags, a few universities, including the MP. Ulan Bator in Annex 1942.